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The study giude logically combines modern scientific data relating to the normal anatomy of the urinary and genital systems of an adult, as well as children. The mechanisms of developmental anomalies and pathologies of the human urogenital system are thoroughly elucidated. All this should greatly facilitate students of the international faculty to find the necessary information in preparation for practical classes in anatomy, histology, pathological anatomy, urology, gynecology and other clinical disciplines.
У посібнику логічно об’єднані сучасні наукові дані, що стосуються нормальної анатомії сечової й статевої систем дорослої людини, а також дитячого періоду. Досконально освітлені механізми виникнення аномалій розвитку й патологій сечостатевої системи людини. Все це повинно значно полегшити студентам міжнародного факультета пошук необхідної інформації при підготовці до практичних занять з анатомії, гістології, патологічної анатомії, урології, гінекології та інших клінічних дисциплін.
Contents
Preface.................................................................5
The urinary system, systema urinarium ...................................6
Development of the urinary organs in human...............6
The kidney, ren.............................................................. 11
Functions of the kidneys........................................ 16
Clinical applications...................................... 16
The nephron..................................................... 19
Juxtaglomerular Apparatus............................ 22
Types of nephrons........................................... 23
Anatomical features of children’s kidneys......... 26
Developmental anomalies of kidneys............... 28
Elimination of Urine...................................... 37
The ureter, ureter.............................................. 38
Clinical applications.................................. 40
Ureters anomalies.................................................... 41
The urinary bladder; vesica urinaria ...................... 45
Clinical applications............................................ 45
Micturition.................................................... 47
Anomalies of the urinary bladder ................... 51
The genital system, systema genitalia ............ 54
Evolution of reproductive organs.................... 54
Anomalies of testis development................... 59
The male internal genitalia, organa genitalia masculina interna.............. 62
The testis, testis......................................... 62
Clinical applications........................................ 64
Formation of Sperm Cells.............................. 68
Structure of a Sperm Cell................................... 70
Anomalies of the testes............................................. 71
The spermatic cord, funiculus spermaticus............. 73
The ductus deferens, ductus deferens................. 73
The seminal gland, vesicula seminalis.................. 75
The prostate, prostata.......................................... 77
Clinical applications................................................ 80
Anomalies of the prostate.................................... 82
The male external genitalia, organa genitalia masculina externa............. 85
The penis, penis............................................. 85
The scrotum, scrotum.................................. 89
The male urethra, urethra masculina ................ 90
Clinical applications...................................... 93
Anomalies of the penis............................. 94
Anomalies of the urethra............................. 94
The female genital system, systema genitale femininum ............. 98
The female internal genitalia, Organa genitalia feminina interna........... 98
Clinical applications.........................................100
Anomalies of the ovary ........................................102
Fallopian tube, Tuba uterina............................103
The uterus, uterus........................................105
Anomalies of the uterus.............................113
The vagina, vagina .......................................116
Clinical application ..........................................119
Abnormal development of the vagina.............120
The female external genitalia, organa genitalia feminina externa..........................121
The pudendum, pudendum femininum...........121
Clinical applications.................................123
The structure of the pelvis............................125
The hip bone...............................................125
The sacrum .................................................126
The functions of the pelvis...............................127
Joints and ligamentous connections of the pelvis.................128
Differences between the male and female pelvis................129
Obstetrical pelvic measurements.......................129
Clinical applications.......................................134
The perineum, perineum............................134
Clinical applications......................................142
Practice questions ..........................................143
Situation tasks............................................146
Literature......................................................153