Infant and Young Child Nutrition (0–23 months). Recommendations are written according to WHO and Ministry of Health of Ukraine recommendations on young child nutrition. Clinical standards, consensuses and guidelines of leading countries (USA, Switzerland, France, Netherlands, Great Britain, Australia, etc.) were used.
Intended for medical interns, practicing paediatricians, family physicians, doctors of postgraduate education and senior students of medical universities.
Abbreviations . 5
1. Nutrition in the first 6 month . 7
1.1. Breastfeeding . .7
1.2. Benefits of breastfeeding . .7
1.3. Factors that affect breastfeeding . 9
1.4. Exclusive breastfeeding . .10
1.5. Breastfeeding initiation . 11
1.6. Frequency and duration of breastfeeding . 11
1.7. Correct positioning a child and mother during breastfeeding . 12
1.8. Signs of effective breastfeeding . 13
1.9. Expressing breast milk and its storage . 14
1.10. Medical contraindications during lactation . 15
1.11. Breastfeeding difficulties – breast problems . 16
1.12. Relactation and supplementary feeding system . .16
1.13. Breast milk substitutes for infants .17
1.14. Preparation of breast milk substitutes . .18
1.15. Recommended amount of breast milk substitute . 18
1.16. Transportation of breast milk substitutes . 19
1.17. The use of teats and pacifiers . .19
1.18. The use of feeding cups . 19
2. Child nutrition from 6 to 23 months . 22
2.1. Main principles of solid foods introduction . 23
2.2. Duration of the breastfeeding . .25
2.3. The minimum dietary diversity . 25
2.4. Solid foods introduction . . 25
2.5. Meal frequency during solid foods introduction . 26
2.6. Amount of food per feeding . .27
2.7. Assessing feeding practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.8. Safe preparation and storage of foods intended for children
up to 2 years of age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.9. Food allergy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3. Supplements for children (micronutrients and vitamins) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.1. Iron supplementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.2. Calcium supplementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.3. Vitamin D supplementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.4. Iodine supplementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.5. Vitamin A supplementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
4. Nutrition of pregnant and breastfeeding women . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4.1. Diet during pregnancy and breastfeeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4.2. Dietary supplements for pregnant and lactating women . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
5. Developmental disorders of a child associated with nutritional status . . . . . 39
5.1. Anthropometric measurements for growth, development and
adequate nutrition assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
5.2. Head circumference measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
5.3. Growth charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
5.4. Principles of physical development evaluation of a child . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
5.5. Steps in case of physical development disorders associated
with nutritional status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
ANNEXES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56