Short contents
Foreword ...20
List of abbreviations and symbols...21
Part І. General microbiology
Chapter 1. The world of microorganisms and its significance ..26
Chapter 2. Microscopic methods of the investigation of microorganism...41
Chapter 3. The morphology, structure and classification of bacteria ...47
Chapter 4. Physiology of bacteria ....59
Chapter 5. Morphology, physiology and classification of fungi and protozoa ...78
Chapter 6. Morphology, physiology and classification of viruses..85
Chapter 7. The effect of physical, chemical and biological factors on microorganisms ...104
Chapter 8. Genetics of microbes ..110
Chapter 9. Biotechnology ...125
Chapter 10. Antimicrobial medications...130
Chapter 11. Infection...142
Chapter 12. Immunology. Innate nonspecific immunity..155
Chapter 13. Study of the antigens ..169
Chapter 14. Immune system of the organism. Immune response. Reactions of immunity..179
Chapter 15. Allergy and other types of immune reactions..196
Chapter 16. Immunodiagnostics and immune correction ..215
Chapter 17. Immunoprophylaxis and immunotherapy ..238
Part ІI. Special microbiology
Chapter 18. Microbiologic diagnostics of infectious diseases..250
Chapter 19. Special bacteriology ..260
Chapter 20. Special virology..380
Chapter 21. Mycology ...507
Chapter 22. Protozoology...559
Chapter 23. Helminths ...580
Chapter 24. Clinical microbiology....596
Chapter 25. Microorganisms and fetus ...611
Chapter 26. Ecology of microorganisms...620
Chapter 27. Normal microbiota of the human body ..633
Chapter 28. Sanitary microbiology ...657
Chapter 29. Microbiota of the oral cavity ..666
Chapter 30. Microbiological research in pharmacy..672
Chapter 31. Instead of conclusion. Microbial history of the earth’s biosphere..684
Attachment ..701
The main pathogenic bacteria, viruses, microscopic fungi, protozoa and the diseases they cause ...701
Bibliography ..721
Subject index ..723
Index of latin names of microorganisms and helminths...737
Name index ...741

Full contents
Foreword ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................20
List of abbreviations and symbols......................................................................................................................................................................................21
Part І. General microbiology
Chapter 1. The world of microorganisms and its significance ..............................................................................................................................................26
(V. P. Shyrobokov)
1.1. The role of microbes in the biosphere and human life. Importance of the modern medical microbiology................................................26
1.2. History of the microbiology, virology and immunology development ....................................................................................................................29
Chapter 2. Microscopic methods of the investigation of microorganism.......................................................................................................................41
(V. P. Shyrobokov, V. V. Bobyr, I. P. Oleksiienko, V. A. Poniatovskyi)
2.1. Methods of the light microscopy ............................................................................................................................................................................................41
2.2. Luminescence microscopy.........................................................................................................................................................................................................43
2.3. Electron microscopy.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................43
2.4. Confocal laser scanning microscopy......................................................................................................................................................................................45
2.5. X-ray structure analysis...............................................................................................................................................................................................................45
2.6. Atomic-force microscopy ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................45
2.7. Super-fluorescent high-resolution microscopy .................................................................................................................................................................46
Chapter 3. The morphology, structure and classification of bacteria...............................................................................................................................47
3.1. Morphology and structure of bacteria (Y. L. Kryvorutchenko)...................................................................................................................................47
3.2. Principles of the systematization, taxonomy and nomenclature of microbes. The classification of bacteria
(V. P. Shyrobokov, Y. L. Kryvorutchenko, M. V. Shylov)........................................................................................................................................................54
Chapter 4. Physiology of bacteria.......................................................................................................................................................................................................59
(V. G. Voitsekhovsky, V. P. Shyrobokov)
4.1. Metabolism of bacteria ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................59
4.2. Enzymes of bacteria .....................................................................................................................................................................................................................59
4.3. Nutrition of bacteria.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................60
4.4. Energetic metabolism (biological oxidation)......................................................................................................................................................................62
4.4.1. Catabolism of carbohydrates.........................................................................................................................................................................................62
4.4.2. Oxidative phosphorylation. Breathing.......................................................................................................................................................................62
4.4.3. Substrate phosphorylation. Fermentation...............................................................................................................................................................64
4.5. Constructive metabolism...........................................................................................................................................................................................................65
4.5.1. Biosynthesis of amino acids and proteins.................................................................................................................................................................65
4.5.2. Biosynthesis of carbohydrates......................................................................................................................................................................................66
4.5.3. Biosynthesis of fatty acids and lipids..........................................................................................................................................................................66
4.5.4. Biosynthesis of nucleotides and nucleic acids........................................................................................................................................................66
4.6. Chemical structure of bacteria .................................................................................................................................................................................................67
4.7. Pigments of microorganisms....................................................................................................................................................................................................67
4.8. Luminescent bacteria and aroma-forming bacteria.........................................................................................................................................................68
4.9. Growth, propagation and development of bacteria........................................................................................................................................................68
4.10. Cultivation of bacteria...............................................................................................................................................................................................................69
4.11. Assessment of the bacterial growth and development ...............................................................................................................................................70
4.12. Growth media ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................70
4.13. Cultural properties of bacteria...............................................................................................................................................................................................71
4.14. Cultivation of obligate anaerobes........................................................................................................................................................................................72
4.15. Obtaining of pure bacterial cultures....................................................................................................................................................................................73
4.16. Ethology of microorhanisms..................................................................................................................................................................................................74
Chapter 5. Morphology, physiology and classification of fungi and protozoa ...........................................................................................................78
(A. V. Rudenko, T. V. Andrianova, N. A. Vynohrad)
5.1. Structure of the fungi...................................................................................................................................................................................................................78
5.2. Physiological features of microscopic fungi........................................................................................................................................................................80
5.3. Fungi classification........................................................................................................................................................................................................................81
5.4. Structure and classification of the protozoa ......................................................................................................................................................................83
Chapter 6. Morphology, physiology and classification of viruses ......................................................................................................................................85
(V. P. Shyrobokov, I. V. Dziublyk)
6.1. Morphology and structure of viruses.....................................................................................................................................................................................85
6.2. Reproduction. Stages and types of interaction of virus and cell .................................................................................................................................87
6.3. Methods of cultivation and detection of the viruses.......................................................................................................................................................92
6.3.1. Cultivation in laboratory animals.................................................................................................................................................................................92
6.3.2. Cultivation in chicken embryos....................................................................................................................................................................................94
6.3.3. Cultivation in the cell cultures ......................................................................................................................................................................................94
6.3.4. Identification of isolated viruses .................................................................................................................................................................................98
6.4. Classification and nomenclature of viruses.........................................................................................................................................................................99
6.5. Bacteriophages (phages)..........................................................................................................................................................................................................100
Chapter 7. The effect of physical, chemical and biological factors on microorganisms .......................................................................................104
(G. K. Palii)
7.1. Physical factors.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................105
7.2. Chemical factors..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................106
7.3. Biological factors.........................................................................................................................................................................................................................106
7.4. Concept of aseptics, antiseptics and disinfection ...........................................................................................................................................................106
7.5. Sterilization....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................107
Chapter 8. Genetics of microbes........................................................................................................................................................................................................110
(V. P. Shyrobokov, A. Y. Tsyhanenko, V. A. Poniatovskyi)
8.1. Structure of the bacterial genome........................................................................................................................................................................................110
8.1.1. Bacterial chromosome................................................................................................................................................................................................111
8.1.2. Plasmids...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................113
8.1.3. Integrons..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................113
8.1.4. Transposons....................................................................................................................................................................................................................113
8.1.5. IS-elements.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................114
8.1.6. Temperate bacteriophages.......................................................................................................................................................................................114
8.1.7. CRISPR/Cas system of the inheritable immunity in batceria.........................................................................................................................114
8.2. Types of variability in bacteria................................................................................................................................................................................................114
8.2.1. Modifications.................................................................................................................................................................................................................114
8.2.2. Mutations........................................................................................................................................................................................................................115
8.2.3. Recombination..............................................................................................................................................................................................................116
8.2.4. Dissociation of bacteria..............................................................................................................................................................................................118
8.3. Genetic methods of investigation of microbes and daignostics...............................................................................................................................119
8.3.1. Polymerase chain reaction (pcR)............................................................................................................................................................................119
8.3.2. Method of molecular hybridization.......................................................................................................................................................................120
8.3.3. Restriction analysis.......................................................................................................................................................................................................120
8.3.4. Ribotyping and transcription-mediated amplification of ribosomal RNA...............................................................................................120
8.4. Genetics of viruses......................................................................................................................................................................................................................120
8.4.1. Features of the viral genome....................................................................................................................................................................................121
8.4.2. Forms of variability in viruses...................................................................................................................................................................................122
8.4.3. Dissociation of viruses................................................................................................................................................................................................123
Chapter 9. Biotechnology.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................125
(V. V. Danyleichenko)
9.1. Definition of biotechnology....................................................................................................................................................................................................125
9.2. Microorganisms in biotechnological processes...............................................................................................................................................................125
9.3. Principles of the obtainment of biotechnological preparations................................................................................................................................126
9.4. Genetic engineering biotechnology with the use of microorganisms....................................................................................................................127
Chapter 10. Antimicrobial medications.........................................................................................................................................................................................130
10.1. Chemotherapy as a science. History of its development (G. K. Palii, V. P. Kovalchuk, V. G. Palii).............................................................130
10.2. Chemotherapeutic drugs (G. K. Palii, V. P. Kovalchuk, V. G. Palii)........................................................................................................................131
10.3. Antiseptics and disinfectants (G. K. Palii, V. P. Kovalchuk, V. G. Palii).................................................................................................................132
10.4. Antibiotics. Production, classification (A. Y. Tsyhanenko)........................................................................................................................................134
10.4.1. Sources and methods of antibiotic obtainment.............................................................................................................................................134
10.4.2. Classification of antibiotics by the mechanism of action on microbial cells........................................................................................134
10.4.3. Classification of antibiotics by chemical structure.........................................................................................................................................137
10.5. Adverse reactions during antibiotic therapy (A. Y. Tsyhanenko)...........................................................................................................................137
10.6. Some principles of rational antibiotic therapy (A. Y. Tsyhanenko) .......................................................................................................................138
10.7. Determination of antibiotic susceptibility pattern in microorganisms (A. Y. Tsyhanenko) .........................................................................138
10.7.1. Diffusion methods.....................................................................................................................................................................................................138
10.7.2. Serial dilutions methods..........................................................................................................................................................................................139
10.8. Antiviral drugs (V. P. Shyrobokov, I. V. Dziublyk) ........................................................................................................................................................139
Chapter 11. Infection .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................142
(A. Y. Tsyhanenko)
11.1. Infection process. Definition.................................................................................................................................................................................................142
11.2. Pathogenicity and virulence of microbes. Genetic determinancy..........................................................................................................................143
11.3. Factors of pathogenicity and virulence............................................................................................................................................................................144
11.4. Role of macroorganism in the infectious process.........................................................................................................................................................146
11.5. Role of the environment and social factors in infectious process...........................................................................................................................147
11.6. Forms of infectious process..................................................................................................................................................................................................148
11.7. Persistence of the causative agent in the organism: mechanisms, importance................................................................................................149
11.8. Pathogenesis of infectious disease ....................................................................................................................................................................................149
11.9. Stages of pathogenesis and their characteristics..........................................................................................................................................................150
11.10. Infectious disease: definition, stages, classification...................................................................................................................................................151
11.11. Features of viral infections..................................................................................................................................................................................................152
11.12. Concept of epidemic process............................................................................................................................................................................................153
Chapter 12. Immunology. Innate nonspecific immunity ......................................................................................................................................................155
(Y. L. Kryvorutchenko, V. P. Shyrobokov)
12.1. Immunology as science. Main historical stages.............................................................................................................................................................155
12.2. Essence, role and evolution of the immunity.................................................................................................................................................................156
12.3. Types and forms of immunity and immune reactivity ................................................................................................................................................157
12.4. Nonspecific resistance of the organism, general characteristics.............................................................................................................................159
12.5. Factors of nonspecific protection .......................................................................................................................................................................................159
12.5.1. Mechanical (physical) barriers and physicochemical barriers of the human organism...................................................................159
12.5.2. Regulation of the immune system with cytokines .......................................................................................................................................159
12.5.3. Cellular factors of innate immunity ....................................................................................................................................................................161
12.5.4. Humoral factors of innate immunity ..................................................................................................................................................................164
12.5.5. Inflammation ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................166
Chapter 13. Study of the antigens....................................................................................................................................................................................................169
(Y. L. Kryvorutchenko)
13.1. Definition of antigens.............................................................................................................................................................................................................169
13.2. Concept of antigenicity and immunogenicity...............................................................................................................................................................169
13.3. Chemical nature of the antigens. Haptens. Synthetic antigens...............................................................................................................................170
13.4. Antigen determinants, their structure and classification...........................................................................................................................................171
13.5. Specificity of antigens.............................................................................................................................................................................................................171
13.6. Classification of antigens.......................................................................................................................................................................................................172
13.7. Antigens of the human organism.......................................................................................................................................................................................174
13.8. Antigens of microorganisms.................................................................................................................................................................................................177
Chapter 14. Immune system of the organism. Immune response. Reactions of immunity..................................................................................179
(V. V. Minukhin)
14.1. Organs of immune system ....................................................................................................................................................................................................179
14.2. Cell population of immune systems..................................................................................................................................................................................182
14.3. Maturation of immunocompetent cells...........................................................................................................................................................................184
14.4. Recognition of “foreign” and “native”.................................................................................................................................................................................185
14.5. Patterns of immune response ..............................................................................................................................................................................................186
14.6. Production of antibodies.......................................................................................................................................................................................................187
14.6.1. Antibodies structure .................................................................................................................................................................................................187
14.6.2. Active centers of antibodies. Complete and incomplete antibodies......................................................................................................188
14.6.3. Classification of immunoglobulins......................................................................................................................................................................189
14.6.4. Antigenic properties of immunoglobulins ......................................................................................................................................................190
14.6.5. Mechanism of interaction between antibody and antigen........................................................................................................................190
14.6.6. Cooperation of immune system cells in formation of antibodies............................................................................................................191
14.6.7. Theories of immunity (antibodies diversity).....................................................................................................................................................191
14.7. Reactions of cellular immunity ............................................................................................................................................................................................193
14.8. Regulation of immune reactions.........................................................................................................................................................................................193
14.9. Immune memory cells and secondary immunity.........................................................................................................................................................195
14.10. Monoclonal antibodies, production, practical use ....................................................................................................................................................195
Chapter 15. Allergy and other types of immune reactions ..................................................................................................................................................196
(V. V. Minukhin)
15.1. Local immunity and its patterns..........................................................................................................................................................................................196
15.2. Allergy and its role in medicine ...........................................................................................................................................................................................198
15.3. Allergens and their properties.............................................................................................................................................................................................200
15.4. Type 1 hypersensitivity (anaphylactic reactions) ..........................................................................................................................................................202
15.5. Type 2 hypersensitivity (cytotoxic allergic reactions)..................................................................................................................................................202
15.6. Type 3 hypersensitivity (immune complex reactions).................................................................................................................................................203
15.7. Type 4 hypersensitivity (delayed type) .............................................................................................................................................................................203
15.8. Diagnostic allergic tests..........................................................................................................................................................................................................204
15.9. Methods of desensitization of the organism..................................................................................................................................................................205
15.10. Autoimmune pathology......................................................................................................................................................................................................206
15.11. Study of immunological tolerance...................................................................................................................................................................................207
15.12. Transplantation immunity...................................................................................................................................................................................................208
15.13. Antitumor immunity .............................................................................................................................................................................................................208
15.14. Patterns of immunology of pregnancy ..........................................................................................................................................................................209
15.15. Concept of immunodeficiency states.............................................................................................................................................................................210
15.16. Features of protection mechanisms in bacterial, virus, fungi and protozoa infections (V. V. Danyleichenko)..................................211
15.16.1. Mechanisms of protection against bacteria .................................................................................................................................................211
15.16.2. Mechanisms of antiviral protection..................................................................................................................................................................212
15.16.3. Features of immunity in parasitic infections .................................................................................................................................................213
15.16.4. Features of immunity in fungal infections .....................................................................................................................................................214
Chapter 16. Immunodiagnostics and immune correction ...................................................................................................................................................215
(Y. L. Kryvorutchenko)
16.1. Principles and methods of immunodiagnostics............................................................................................................................................................215
16.2. Serologic tests, their characteristics, mechanism, classification and diagnostic value...................................................................................216
16.2.1. Diagnostic sera and their production ................................................................................................................................................................217
16.2.2. Diagnosticums............................................................................................................................................................................................................218
16.2.3. Agglutination test......................................................................................................................................................................................................218
16.2.4. Precipitation test .......................................................................................................................................................................................................219
16.2.5. Immune haemolysis test .........................................................................................................................................................................................221
16.2.6. Complement fixation test ......................................................................................................................................................................................222
16.2.7. Neutralization test .....................................................................................................................................................................................................222
16.2.8. Haemagglutination inhibition test......................................................................................................................................................................224
16.2.9. Virus neutralization test...........................................................................................................................................................................................225
16.2.10. Immunoelectrophoresis .......................................................................................................................................................................................226
16.2.11. Immune electronic microscopy..........................................................................................................................................................................226
16.2.12. Indirect haemagglutination test........................................................................................................................................................................226
16.2.13. Immune adhesion test...........................................................................................................................................................................................228
16.2.14. Immune immobilization test...............................................................................................................................................................................228
16.2.15. Immunofluorescence test (IFT)...........................................................................................................................................................................228
16.2.16. Enzyme immunoassay ?EIA?.................................................................................................................................................................................229
16.2.17. Radioimmune assay, RIA.......................................................................................................................................................................................231
16.2.18. Immunoblotting .....................................................................................................................................................................................................231
16.3. Detection of various classes of immunoglobulins in immunodiagnostics..........................................................................................................232
16.4. Estimation of the immune state of the organism. Principles and methods of immune correction.
Immunomodulators and immunosuppressors (S. I. Klymnyuk, Y. L. Kryvorutchenko)..........................................................................................233
Chapter 17. Immunoprophylaxis and immunotherapy ........................................................................................................................................................238
(V. P. Shyrobokov, V. V. Bobyr, V. A. Poniatovskyi)
17.1. Role of immunoprophylaxis and immunotherapy in the modern medicine......................................................................................................238
17.2. Immunobiological drugs, its definition, classification, characteristics..................................................................................................................238
17.3. Vaccines, history of vaccinal prevention...........................................................................................................................................................................239
17.4. Vaccines classification .............................................................................................................................................................................................................240
17.4.1. Live vaccines. The essence of attenuation phenomenon............................................................................................................................240
17.4.2. Inactivated vaccines .................................................................................................................................................................................................241
17.4.3. Chemical vaccines .....................................................................................................................................................................................................241
17.4.4. Toxoids (anatoxins)....................................................................................................................................................................................................242
17.4.5. Genetically engineered vaccines .........................................................................................................................................................................243
17.4.6. Fourth generation vaccines ...................................................................................................................................................................................243
17.5. Ways of vaccines administration.........................................................................................................................................................................................245
17.6. Vaccinations calendar..............................................................................................................................................................................................................245
17.7. Medical and preventive sera.................................................................................................................................................................................................245
Part 2. Special microbiology
Chapter 18. Microbiologic diagnostics of infectious diseases............................................................................................................................................250
(G. M. Kremenchutskyi)
18.1. Diagnostic microbiological, virologic and immunologic laboratories..................................................................................................................250
18.2. Basic, backroom and other laboratories...........................................................................................................................................................................251
18.3. Regulations of work in microbiological laboratory......................................................................................................................................................252
18.4. Groups of microbes’ pathogenicity....................................................................................................................................................................................253
18.5. Microbiological diagnostics..................................................................................................................................................................................................253
18.6. Materials for microbiological research. Storage and transport................................................................................................................................254
18.7. Microscopic method of diagnostics...................................................................................................................................................................................255
18.8. Cultural method........................................................................................................................................................................................................................255
18.9. Serological diagnostics...........................................................................................................................................................................................................256
18.10. Allergologic method.............................................................................................................................................................................................................256
18.11. Biological method (biotest)................................................................................................................................................................................................256
18.12. Rapid diagnostics of infections.........................................................................................................................................................................................257
18.13. Features of virological methods of diagnostics...........................................................................................................................................................257
18.14. Features of microbiological diagnostics of mycoses.................................................................................................................................................258
18.15. Features of microbiologic diagnostics of protozoa infections...............................................................................................................................258
18.16. Features of laboratory diagnostics of bacteria unable of cultivation..................................................................................................................259
18.17. Genetic methods of microbiological diagnostics.......................................................................................................................................................259
Chapter 19. Special bacteriology......................................................................................................................................................................................................260
19.1. Gram-positive aerobic and facultative-anaerobic cocci (G. M. Kremenchutskyi)...........................................................................................260
19.1.1. Staphyloсocci (Staphyloсoccus genus) ...............................................................................................................................................................260
19.1.2. Streptococci (Streptococcus genus).....................................................................................................................................................................265
19.1.3. Enterococci (Enterococcus genus) ........................................................................................................................................................................269
19.1.4. Group of gram-positive catalase-negative cocci: aerococci (Aerococcus genus),
leuconostocci (Leuconostocus genus), pediococci (Pediococcus genus), lactococci (Lactococcus genus).................................................270
19.2. Gram-negative cocci (G. M. Kremenchutskyi)..............................................................................................................................................................272
19.2.1. Meningococci..............................................................................................................................................................................................................272
19.2.2. Gonococci.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................274
19.2.3. Anaerobic gram-negative cocci – veillonella (Veillonella genus)..............................................................................................................276
19.3. Anaerobic gram-positive cocci (G. M. Kremenchutskyi)..........................................................................................................................................278
19.4. Facultative-anaerobic gram-negative bacilli (G. M. Kremenchutskyi)................................................................................................................278
19.4.1. Enterobacteriaceae family. General characteristics of enterobacteria, their evolution....................................................................278
19.4.1.1. Escherichia (Escherichia genus)...........................................................................................................................................................279
19.4.1.2. Salmonella (Salmonella genus)...........................................................................................................................................................282
19.4.1.3. Shigella (Shigella genus)........................................................................................................................................................................286
19.4.1.4. Klebsiella (Klebsiella genus)..................................................................................................................................................................288
19.4.1.5. Proteus (Proteus genus)..........................................................................................................................................................................289
19.4.1.6. Yersinia (Yersinia genus) .........................................................................................................................................................................290
19.4.1.7. Serratia (Serratia genus) (V. P. Shyrobokov, G. S. Dyment)...........................................................................................................293
19.4.2. Vibrionaceae family...................................................................................................................................................................................................294
19.4.2.1. Cholera vibrios (Vibrio genus) (G. M. Kremenchutskyi, A. A. Furman) ......................................................................................295
19.4.2.2. Parahemolytic vibrios (Vibrio genus).................................................................................................................................................297
19.4.3. Aeromonas (aeromonas genus)............................................................................................................................................................................299
19.4.4. Plesiomonas (plesiomonas genus) .......................................................................................................................................................................300
19.4.5. Haemophilic bacteria ?haemophilus genus? ....................................................................................................................................................300
19.4.5.1. Haemophilus influenzae..........................................................................................................................................................................300
19.4.5.2. Haemophilus ducreyi ............................................................................................................................................................................302
19.4.6. Pasteurella (pasteurella genus)..............................................................................................................................................................................303
19.4.7. Calymmatobacteria (calymmatobacterium genus).......................................................................................................................................304
19.4.8. Eikenella (eikenella genus)......................................................................................................................................................................................304
19.5. Gram-negative aerobic bacilli (G. K. Palii, V. P. Kovalchuk) .....................................................................................................................................305
19.5.1. Bordetella (Bordetella genus).................................................................................................................................................................................305
19.5.1.1. Bordetella pertussis................................................................................................................................................................................305
19.5.1.2. Bordetella parapertussis and other Bordetellas..............................................................................................................................307
19.5.2. Brucella (brucella genus)..........................................................................................................................................................................................307
19.5.2.1. Brucella melitensis .................................................................................................................................................................................308
19.5.2.2. Brucella abortus......................................................................................................................................................................................310
19.5.2.3. Brucella suis, other Brycellae.................................................................................................................................................................311
19.5.3. Francisella (Francisella genus)................................................................................................................................................................................311
19.5.3.1. Francisella tularensis.............................................................................................................................................................................311
19.5.4. Legionella (legionella genus).................................................................................................................................................................................313
19.5.4.1. Legionella pneumophila.......................................................................................................................................................................313
19.5.5. Bartonella (bartonella genus) ................................................................................................................................................................................315
19.5.5.1. Bartonella henselae...............................................................................................................................................................................315
19.5.5.2. Bartonella baciliformis......................................................................................................................................................................