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The textbook (second edition, revised and supplemented) has been compiled in accordance with the requirements of the English language programme for students of medical educational establishments of the 1st-4th level of accreditation with basic knowledge of English. The aim of the textbook is to master skills in communication, reading and translation of scientific medical literature. The textbook includes 22 units which contain original texts on general medical issues, healthcare matters, anatomy, physiology, grammar material and exercises for practising and improving English language skills. The methodology integrates speaking, listening, writing and reading skills following the task-based approach.
CONTENTS
Preface ................ 5
Unit 1. Academic Pathways in British Medicine ......... 6
Grammar: The Noun (plural).......... 14
Unit 2. Health Care Policy in Great Britain ........ 19
Grammar: Degrees of Comparison of Adjectives/Adverbs............ 28
Unit 3. Health Care Management in the USA ............ 31
Grammar: The Numeral ................ 41
Unit 4. Medical Ethics............... 46
Grammar:To be and To have........... 54
Unit 5. Alternative Medicine................. 58
Grammar: Types of Questions............ 67
Unit 6. Human Body ........... 71
Grammar: Present/ Past/Future Simple ............. 85
Unit 7. Cell ..................................... 91
Grammar: Present/Past/Future Continuous ............. 102
Unit 8. Tissues ................... 106
Grammar: Present, Past, Future Perfect ............ 117
Unit 9. Bone Types ......................... 122
Grammar: Present/ Past/ Future Perfect Continuous.................. 135
Unit 10. Muscles ............................. 140
Grammar: Passive Voice........... 150
Unit 11. Blood .................... 152
Grammar: Passive Voice.............. 165
Unit 12. Blood Types. Blood Transfusion ............ 168
Grammar: Modal Verbs .................... 179
Unit 13. Hospitals ........................... 184
Grammar: Modal Verbs................ 195
Unit 14. Taking a History. Symptoms .............. 199
Grammar: The Infinitive ........... 210
Unit 15. Objective Medical Examination ........ 214
Grammar: Subjective Infinitive Construction ............. 223
Unit 16. Medical Equipment and Instruments ............... 228
Grammar: The Gerund .................. 238
Unit 17. Medical Emergencies .......... 243
Grammar: The Participle............ 253
Unit 18. Injuries ......................... 258
Grammar: Causatives........ 268
Unit 19. Pharmacy ....................... 274
Grammar: Sequence of Tenses............ 282
Unit 20. Drug Forms and Classes ............. 287
Grammar: Direct and Indirect Speech.......... 297
Unit 21. Vitamins .............................. 303
Grammar: Questions in Indirect Speech ............. 313
Unit 22. Nutrition ............................... 319
Grammar: Imperative Mood........... 329
Self-study ............................... 334
Vocabulary ........................... 367
English Irregular Verbs ........... 392
Recommended Literature ............... 400