Contents
Foreword............................................................................................................................... 9
List of conditional abbreviations .............................................................................10
Section 1. Pharmacotherapy in dentistry.........................................................12
1.1. Anesthesia in dentistry ........................................................................................13
1.1.1. Use of general anesthetics ......................................................................16
1.1.2. Use of local anesthetics ............................................................................17
1.1.3. Use of non-narcotic analgesics..............................................................19
1.1.4. Use of narcotic analgesics .......................................................................21
1.1.5. Pharmacotherapy of pain in therapeutic dentistry........................22
1.1.6. Pharmacotherapy of pain in neurodentistry ....................................26
1.1.7. Pharmacotherapy of pain in surgical dentistry................................30
1.1.8. Pharmacotherapy of pain in neoplasms.............................................39
1.1.9. Physical methods of anesthesia ............................................................40
1.2. Pharmacotherapy of diseases of hard tooth tissues...............................42
1.2.1. Caries ...............................................................................................................42
1.2.2. Non-carious lesions of the teeth ..........................................................55
1.3. Pharmacotherapy of pulpitis.............................................................................57
1.4. Pharmacotherapy of periodontitis .................................................................65
1.5. Pharmacotherapy of periodontal diseases .................................................73
1.6. Pharmacotherapy of diseases of the oral mucosa...................................88
1.6.1. Xerostomia.....................................................................................................89
1.6.2. Mucosal damage.........................................................................................90
1.6.3. Leukoplakia....................................................................................................93
1.6.4. Acute herpetic stomatitis .........................................................................94
1.6.5. Chronic recurrent herpetic stomatitis .................................................96
1.6.6. Shingles...........................................................................................................97
1.6.7. Influenza stomatitis ....................................................................................97
1.6.8. Damage to the mucous membrane in chickenpox........................98
1.6.9. Damage to the mucous membrane in measles ..............................98
1.6.10. Damage to the mucous membrane in AIDS..................................98
1.6.11. Vincent’s necrotizing ulcerative stomatitis .................................. 100
1.6.12. Vincent’s angina..................................................................................... 102
1.6.13. Gangrenous stomatitis ........................................................................ 102
1.6.14. Lichen planus........................................................................................... 102
1.6.15. Candidosis ................................................................................................ 105
1.6.16. Actinomycosis ......................................................................................... 108
1.6.17. Allergic lesions........................................................................................ 109
1.6.18. Chronic recurrent aphthous stomatitis ......................................... 111
1.6.19. Exudative erythema multiforme ...................................................... 112
1.7. Antibacterial therapy of acute inflammatory processes of the maxillofacial area ......................... 116
1.7.1. Odontogenic sinusitis............................................................................. 123
1.7.2. Odontogenic abscess ............................................................................. 123
1.7.3. Periostitis and osteomyelitis ................................................................ 125
1.7.4. Odontogenic phlegmon of the head and neck............................ 127
1.7.5. Lymphadenitis, adenophlegmon of the head and neck ........... 128
1.7.6. Furuncle, carbuncle ................................................................................. 130
1.8. Local medicinal treatment of wound infections.................................... 132
Section 2. Pharmacotherapy of emergency conditions .......................140
2.1. Acute disorders of blood circulation.......................................................... 142
2.1.1. Faint............................................................................................................... 142
2.1.2. Collapse ....................................................................................................... 143
2.1.3. Shock ............................................................................................................ 144
2.2. Allergic reactions................................................................................................. 146
2.2.1. Angioedema............................................................................................... 146
2.2.2. Anaphylactic shock.................................................................................. 147
2.3. Stenocardia ............................................................................................................ 149
2.4. Hypertensive crisis.............................................................................................. 151
2.5. Acute respiratory failure .................................................................................. 153
2.6. Bronchial asthma................................................................................................. 155
2.7. Comatose states................................................................................................... 156
2.8. Convulsive disorders.......................................................................................... 159
2.9. Renal colic............................................................................................................... 161
2.10. Hepatic colic........................................................................................................ 162
2.11. Injuries to the maxillofacial area................................................................ 163
2.11.1. Facial contusion...................................................................................... 163
2.11.2. Facial wounds.......................................................................................... 163
2.11.3. Dental dislocations and fractures.................................................... 164
2.11.4. Mandibular dislocation........................................................................ 165
2.11.5. Jaw fracture.............................................................................................. 165
2.12. Bleeding................................................................................................................ 167
2.13. Complication of local and general anesthesia..................................... 170
2.13.1. Complications of local anesthesia................................................... 170
2.13.2. Complications of general anesthesia............................................. 172
2.14. Clinical death...................................................................................................... 173
2.15. The list of equipment and drugs for emergency care at dental office............................................. 175
Section 3. Drug characteristics..............................................................................178
3.1. Psychotropic drugs............................................................................................. 179
3.1.1. Antipsychotics ........................................................................................... 180
3.1.2. Tranquilizers ............................................................................................... 182
3.1.3. Sedatives...................................................................................................... 184
3.1.4. Antidepressants ........................................................................................ 185
3.1.5. Psychostimulants...................................................................................... 187
3.1.6. Nootropic drugs ....................................................................................... 189
3.2. Local anesthetics and anesthetic drugs .................................................... 192
3.2.1. Local anesthetics ...................................................................................... 192
3.2.2. Anesthetic drugs ...................................................................................... 199
3.2.3. Drugs for inhalation anesthesia.......................................................... 201
3.2.4. Non-inhalation anesthesia ................................................................... 204
3.3. Analgesic drugs.................................................................................................... 208
3.3.1. Narcotic analgesics.................................................................................. 208
3.3.2. Non-narcotic analgesics........................................................................ 214
3.4. Non-steroidal and steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs....................... 221
3.4.1. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.......................................... 221
3.4.2. Steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs .................................................... 226
3.4.3. Mineralocorticoids................................................................................... 231
3.5. Vitamin preparations......................................................................................... 232
3.5.1. Water-soluble vitamins .......................................................................... 233
3.5.2. Fat-soluble vitamins ................................................................................ 238
3.6. Antioxidants........................................................................................................... 242
3.6.1. Direct antioxidants................................................................................... 243
3.6.2. Indirect antioxidants ............................................................................... 245
3.7. Means stimulating regeneration processes and influencing the
exchange of substances in hard tooth tissues ................................................ 247
3.7.1. Means that affect the regeneration processes ............................. 247
3.7.2. Means that affect the metabolism in hard tissues of the tooth ......................................... 251
3.8. Enzyme and antienzyme drugs ..................................................................... 260
3.8.1. Enzymes ....................................................................................................... 261
3.8.2. Antienzymes............................................................................................... 264
3.9. Agents influencing hemostasis ..................................................................... 266
3.9.1. Directly acting anticoagulants............................................................. 266
3.9.2. Indirect anticoagulants .......................................................................... 268
3.9.3. Blood clot lysis medications ................................................................ 269
3.9.4. Antiplatelet agents .................................................................................. 270
3.9.5. Direct procoagulants .............................................................................. 270
3.9.6. Indirect procoagulants ........................................................................... 272
3.9.7. Fibrinolysis inhibitors.............................................................................. 273
3.10. Anti-allergic agents.......................................................................................... 274
3.10.1. Antihistamines ........................................................................................ 274
3.10.2. Other drugs.............................................................................................. 277
3.11. Antiseptic drugs ................................................................................................ 278
3.11.1. Halogens ................................................................................................... 279
3.11.2. Oxidizing agents .................................................................................... 281
3.11.3. Acids and alkalis..................................................................................... 281
3.11.4. Heavy metal compounds.................................................................... 283
3.11.5. Phenol group........................................................................................... 284
3.11.6. Formaldehyde group............................................................................ 285
3.11.7. Dyes ............................................................................................................ 286
3.11.8. Alcohol group ......................................................................................... 287
3.11.9. Nitrofuran derivatives .......................................................................... 287
3.11.10. Cationic detergents ............................................................................ 287
3.11.11. Natural antiseptics.............................................................................. 290
3.11.12. Antiseptics of other groups............................................................. 291
3.12. Astringent, enveloping, absorbent and detoxification drugs....... 292
3.12.1. Astringent agents .................................................................................. 292
3.12.2. Enveloping drugs................................................................................... 293
3.12.3. Adsorbent and detoxification drugs .............................................. 294
3.13. Antibiotics............................................................................................................ 298
3.13.1. Penicillins .................................................................................................. 301
3.13.2. Cephalosporins....................................................................................... 303
3.13.3. Monobactams ......................................................................................... 306
3.13.4. Carbapenems .......................................................................................... 306
3.13.5. Macrolides................................................................................................ 308
3.13.6. Azalides ..................................................................................................... 309
3.13.7. Lincosamides........................................................................................... 310
3.13.8. Tetracyclines............................................................................................. 312
3.13.9. Aminoglycosides.................................................................................... 315
3.13.10. Glycopeptides....................................................................................... 316
3.13.11. Ansamycins............................................................................................ 317
3.13.12. Chloramphenicol................................................................................. 317
3.13.13. Steroids ................................................................................................... 318
3.13.14. Polypeptides.......................................................................................... 319
3.14. Synthetic antibacterial drugs....................................................................... 320
3.14.1. Quinolones/fluoroquinolones .......................................................... 320
3.14.2. Oxazolidinones ....................................................................................... 322
3.14.3. Nitroimidazoles ...................................................................................... 323
3.14.4. Sulfonamides........................................................................................... 324
3.14.5. Nitrofurans ............................................................................................... 325
3.14.6. Hydroxyquinolines ................................................................................ 326
3.14.7. Quinoxalines ............................................................................................ 327
3.15. Antifungal agents ............................................................................................. 328
3.15.1. Polyene antibiotics ................................................................................ 329
3.15.2. Azole derivatives .................................................................................... 330
3.15.3. Antifungal agents of other groups ................................................. 331
3.16. Antiviral agents.................................................................................................. 333
3.16.1. Drugs prescribed to patients with influenza............................... 334
3.16.2. Drugs used for herpetic infections ................................................. 337
3.16.3. Drugs prescribed to AIDS patients ................................................. 339
3.17. Immunotropic agents ..................................................................................... 340
3.17.1. Immunostimulants of microbial origin.......................................... 342
3.17.2. Immunostimulants of animal origin............................................... 343
3.17.3. Recombinant immunostimulants .................................................... 343
3.17.4. Synthetic and semi-synthetic immunostimulants..................... 343
3.17.5. Interferons ................................................................................................ 345
3.17.6. Other drugs.............................................................................................. 346
3.18. Biomedications .................................................................................................. 348
3.18.1. Probiotics .................................................................................................. 348
3.18.2. Prebiotics .................................................................................................. 353
3.18.3. Synbiotics and preparations based on recombinant
genetically engineered strains........................................................................ 354
Litrature............................................................................................................................ 358
Subject index ................................................................................................................. 362